196. . I
14. R May, E. Angel, and H Ellenberger, Existence (New York: Basic Books. 1958),S
pp. 3-35. I
15. A. Sutich, American Association of Humanistic Psychology: Progress Report 1962,1
cited in J. Bugental, "The Third Force in Psychology", Journal of Humanistic Psychology
(1964) 4:19-26.
16. J. Bugental, "The Third Force".
17. F. Peris, Geslalf Therapy Verbatim (New York: Bantam, 1971), p. 1.
18. S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, vol. IV in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press, 1953; originally published 1900), p. 263.
19. Т. Wilder, cited in Readers Digest (January 1978), p. 133.
20. V. Franki, oral communication, 1974.
21. May, Angel, and Ellenberger, Existence, p. II.
22. С. Rogers, cited in D. Malan, "Tile Outcome Problem in Psychotherapy Re-
search", Archives of General Psychiatry (1973) 29:719-29.
23. M. Lieberman, 1. Yalom, and M. Miles. Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York:
Basic Books, 1973).
24. Ibid., p. 99.
25. Personal communication, 1978.
К главе 2
1. A. Meyer, cited by J. Frank, oral communication, 1979.
2. Cicero, cited in M. Montaigne, The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald
Frame (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 56.
3. Seneca, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 61.
4. St. Augustine, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 63.
5. Manilius, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 65.
6. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 67.
7. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper Row, 1962), pp. 210-24.
8. Ibid., passim.
9. К. Jaspers, cited in J. Choron. Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier
Books 1963), p. 226.
10. S. Freud. "Thoughts for the Times on War and Death", vol. XIV in Standard
Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957: originally published 1915), p. 291.
II. Ibid., p. 290.
12. J. Giraudoux, cited in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1965), p. 124.
13. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 67.
14. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace (New York: Modem Library, 1931), p. 57.
15. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan llych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics,
1960).
16. D. Rosen, "Suicide Survivors," Western Journal of Medicine (April 1975) 122:289-94.
17. A. Schmitt, Dialogue with Death (Harrisonburg, Va.: Choice Books, 1976), pp.
55-58.
18. R. Noyes, "Attitude Changes Following Near-Death Experiences", Psychiatry,
in press.
19. A. Hussain and S. Tozman, "Psychiatry and Death Row", Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry (1978) 39 (3): 183-88.
20. R. Neuberger, cited in J. Frank in "Nuclear Death-The Challenge of Ethical
Religion", The Ethical Platform (29 April 1962).
21. D. Spiegel, J. Blum, and 1. Yalom, Peer Support for Metasiatic Cancer Patients:
A Randomized Prospective Outcome Study, in preparation.
22. К. Chandler. "Three Processes of Dying and the Behavioral Effects", Journal of
Consulting Psychology (1965) 29:296-301: D. Cappon, "The Dying". Psychiatric Quar-
terly (1959) 33:466-89: A. Weisman and T. Hackett, "Predilection to Death", Psycho-
somatic Medicine (1961) 23:232-56; and E. Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York:
Macrnillan, 1969).
23. К. Weers, manuscript in preparation.
24, Schmitt, Dialogue with Death, p. 54.
25. R. Lifton, "The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life".
Explorations in Psychohistory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon Schuster,
1974), pp. 271-288.
18-174 ич
26. J. Diggoly and D. Rothman, "Values Destroyed by Death", Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology (1961) 63(1): 205-10.
27. J. Choron, Modem Man and Mortality (New York: Macrnillan. 1964), p. 44.
28. R. Kastenbaum and R. Aisenbei-g, Psychology of Death (New York: Springer, 1972),
p. 44.
29. S. Kierkegaard. The Concept of Dread (Princeton. N.J.: Princeton University Press,
1957), p. 55.
30. R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton. 1977),
p. 207.
31. S. Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX in Standard Edition
(London: Hogarth Press, 1959; originally published 1926), p. 166.
32. Kierkegaard, Concept of Dread, p. 55.
33. May, Meaning of Anxiety, p. 207.
34. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 223.
35. A. Sharp, A Green Tree in Geddes (New York. Walker. 1968).
36. R. Skoog, cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis (New York: International Uni-
versities Press, 1975), p. 47.
37. E. Strauss, cited in. E. Weigert, "Loneliness and Trust-Basic Factors of Hu-
man Existence", Psychiatry (1960) 23:121-30.
38. W. Schwidder. cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis (New York: International
Universities Press, 1975), p. 54.
39. H. Lazarus and J. Kostan, "Psychogenic Hyperventilation and Deatli Anxiety",
Psychosomatics (1969) 10:14-22.
40. D. Friedman. "Death Anxiety and the Primal Scene". Psychoanalytic Review
(1961) 48:108-18.
41. V. Krai. "Psychiatric Observations under Severe Chronic Stress", American Jour-
nal of Psychiatry (\05\) 108:185-92.
42. Ibid.. J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis, p. 58; and A. Heveroch, cited in J. Mey-
er, Death and Neurosis, p. 58.
3. M. Roth, "The Phobic Anxiety-Depersonalization Syndrome and Some General
Aetiological Problems in Psychiatry", Journal ofNeuropsychiatry (1959) 1:293-306.
44. R. Kastenbauni and R. Aisenbeig, Psychology of Death.
45. D. Lester, "Experimental and Correlational Studies of Fear of Death", Psycho-
logical Bulletin (1967) 64(1): 27-36: and D. Templer and C. Ruff, "Death Anxiety Scale
Means, Standard Deviations, and Embedding", Psychological Reports (1971) 29:173-174.
46. P. Livingston and С. Zimet. "Death Anxiety. Authoritarianism and Choice of
Speciality in Medical Students". Journal of Neurological and Mental Disorders (1965)
140:222-230.
47. W. Swenson. "Attitudes toward Deatli in an Aged Population", Journal of Geron-
tology (1961) 16(1): 49-52: D. Martin and L. Wrightsman, "The Relationship between
Religious Behavior and Concern about Deatli," Journal of Social Psychology (1865) 65:317-
23; and D. Tenipler, "Death Anxiety in Religiously Very Involved Persons", Psychological
Reports (1972) 31:361-367.
48. N. lanimarino, "Relationship between Death Anxiety and Demographic Vari-
ables", Psychological Reports (1975) 37:262.
49. lammarino. "Death Anxiety and Demographic Variables"; Swenson. "Attitudes
toward Deatli": A. Christ, "Attitudes toward Death among a Group of Acute Geriatric
Psychiatric Patients", Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16(1)156-59; and P. Rhudick and A.
Dibiier. "Age. Personality, and Health Correlates of Death Concerns in Normal Aged
Individuals", Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16(l):44-49.
50. M. Lieberman and A. Coplan, "Distance from Death as a Variable in the Study
of Aging", Developmental Psychology (1970) 2:71-84.
51. M. Means. "Fears of One Thousand College Women", Journal of Abnormal and
Social Psychology (1936) 31:291-311.
52. W. Middleton, "Some Reactions toward Death among College Students", Jour-
nal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1936) 3:165-173.
53. Templer and Ruff, "Death Anxiety Scale Means"; lammarino, "Death Anxiety
and Demographic Variables"; and D. Templer, C. Ruff, and C. Franks, "Death Anxi-
ety; Age, Sex, and Parental Resemblance in Disease Populations", Developmental Psychology
(1971) 4:108.
54. P. Thauberger, "The Avoidance ofOntological Confrontation", unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of Saskatchewan, 1974.
55. C. Stacey and К. Markin, "The Attitudes of College Students and Penitentiary
Inmates toward Death and a Future Life", Psychiatric Quarterly, supplement (1952) 26:27-
32.
56. D. Templer, "Death Anxiety as Related to Depression and Health of Retired
Persons," Journal of Gerontology, (1971) 26:521-523.
57. Swenson, "Attitudes toward Death": J. Munnichs, Old Age and Finitude (Basel
and New York: Karger, 1966); and S. Shrut, "Attitude toward Old Age to Death", еи-
tal Hygiene (1958) 42:259-263.
58. Munnichs, Old Age and Finitude: A. Christ, "Attitude toward Death among a
Group of Acute Geriatric Psychiatric Patients", Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16:56-59;
and Kastenbaum and Aisenbeig, Psychology of Death, p. 83.
59. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 107
60. C. Stacy and M. Reichers, "Attitudes toward Death and Future Life among Nor-
mal and Subnormal Adolescent Girls", Exceptional Children (1959) 20:259-262.
61. A. Maurer, "Adolescent Attitudes toward Death", Journal of Genetic Psychology
(1964) 105:79-80.
62. H. Feifel and A. Branscomb, "Whos Afraid of Death?" Journal of Abnormal
Psychology (1973) 81(3):282-88; and H. Feifel and L. Herman, "Fear of Death in the
Mentally III". Psychological Reports (1973) 33:931-938.
63. Feifel and Branscomb, "Whos Afraid of Death?"
64. W. Meissner, "Affective Response to Psychoanalytic Death Symbols", Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology (1958) 56:295-299.
65. K.G. Magni, "Reactions to Death Stimuli among Theology Students", Journal
for the Scientific Study of Religion (Fall 1970) 9(3):247-48.
66. Kastenberg and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 95.
67. Rhudick and Dibner, "Age, Personality, and Health Correlates".
68. Shrut, "Attitude toward Old Age".
69. Swenson, "Attitudes toward Death".
70. Templer, "Death Anxiety".
71. N. Kogan and R. Shelton, "Beliefs about Old People", Journal of Genetic Psy-
chology (1962) 100:93-111.
72. M. Kramer, C. Winget, and R. Whitman, "A City Dreams: A Survey Approach
to Normative Dream Content", American Journal of Psychiatry (1971) 127:86-92.
73. H. Cason, "The Nightmare Dream", Psychology Monographs (1935) 209:46.
74. M. Feidman and M. Hersen, "Attitudes toward Death in Nightmare Subjects",
Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:421-425; and D. Lester, "The Fear of Death
of Those Who Have Nightmares", Journal of Psychology (1968) 69:245-47.
75. P. Handal and J. Rychlak. "Curvilinearity between Dream Content and Death
Anxiety and the Relationship of Death Anxiety to Repression-Sensitivity", Journal of Ab-
normal Psychology (1971) 77:11-16.
76. W. Bromberg and P. Schilder, "The Attitudes of Psychoneurotics toward Death",
PsychoanalyWc Review (1936) 23:1-28.
77. С. Parks, "The First Year of Bereavement." Psychiatry (1970) 33:444-67.
78. The GUgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, trans. A. Heidel (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, 1946), pp. 63, 64.
79. A. Witt, personal communication, September 1978.
80. Personal communication from a friend.
81. Freud. "Thoughts for the Times", vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 298.
82. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published in 1895).
83. lbid" p. 9.
84. Ibid., p. 7.
85. Ibid., p. xxxi.
86. Ibid., p. 14.
87. Ibid., p. 34.
88. Ibid., p. 117.
89. Ibid., p. 63.
90. Ibid., p. 131.
91. Ibid., p. 137.
92. Ibid., p. 157.
93. S. Freud. Origins of Psychoanatysis, ed. by M. Bonaparte, A. Freud, and E. Kris
(New York: Basic Books, 1954).
94. S. Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX, Standard Edition,
p. 166.
95. A. Compton, "Psychoanalytic Theories of Anxiety," Journal of American Psycho-
analytic Association (1972) 20(2):341-94.
96. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II, in Standard Edition. (London: Hogarth
Press, 1955; originally published 1895), p. 33.
97. Ibid., p. 40.
98. Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX, Standard Edition, p. 130.
99. M. Kiein, "A Contribution of the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt", International
Journal of Psychoanatysis (1948) 29:114-23.
100. 0. Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Psychoneuroses (New York: Norton,
1945).
101. R. Waelder, Basic Theory of Psychoanatysis (New York: International Universi-
ties Press, 1960).
102. R. Greenson, The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis (New York: Interna-
tional Universities Press, 1967).
103. S. Freud, The Ego and the Id. vol. XIX, Standard Edition (London: Hogarth
Press, 1961; originally published in 1923), p. 57.
104. Ibid., p. 58ff.
105. S. Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, vol. XVIII in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published 1920), pp. 1-64.
106. Freud, "Thoughts for the Times", vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 299.
107. E. Jones, The Life and Work ofSigmund Freud, vol. I (New York: Basic Books,
1953), p. 40.
108. Ibid., p. 41.
109. Ibid., p. 45.
110. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959).
III. S. Freud, "Thoughts forthe Times", vol. XIV in Standard Edition, pp. 273-300.
112. S. Freud, "The Theme of Three Caskets", vol. XII in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press. 1966; originally published 1913), pp. 289-302.
113. E. Jones, The Life and Work ofSigmund Freud, vols. I, II, III (New York: Basic
Books, 1953,1955,1957).
114. 1. Stone, Passions of the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1971).
115. For example, J. Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis -with Freud (New York: Simon
Schuster, 1954).
116. For example, S. Freud. Origins of Psychoanalysis, eds. M. Bonaparte, A. Freud,
and E. Kris (New York: Basic Books, 1954): H. Abraham and E. Freud, eds., A Psycho-
Analytic Dialogue: The Letters ofSigmund Freud and Karl Abraham 1907-1926, trans. B.
Marsa and C. Abraham (New York: Basic Books; London: Hogarth Press and Institute of
Psycho-Analysis, 1965); E. Freud and H. Meng. eds., Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters
ofSigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister, trans. E. Mosbacher (New York: Basic Books: Lon-
don: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963): and E. Pfeifier, ed;, Sigmund
Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome: Letters, trans. William and Elaine Robson-Scott (New York:
Harcourt Biace Jovanovich; London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1972.)
117. Jones, vol. I, p. 4.
118. lbid" p. 20.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid., p. xii.
121. Ibid., p. 78.
122. Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis, p. 217.
123. Ibid., p. 129.
К главе 3
1. S. Anthony, The Discovery of Death in Childhood and After (New York: Basic Books,
1972).
2. E. Becker. The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 36.
3. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
4. Ibid., pp. 155-56.
5. Ibid.. p. 157.
6. F. Moellenkoff. "Ideas of Children about Death", Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
(1939)3:148-56.
7. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
8. Anthony, Discovery of Death, pp. 78ff.
9. R. Kastenbaum R. Aisenbei-g, Psychology of Death (New York: Springer, 1972),
p. 9.
10. S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, vol. IV in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press. 1964; originally published 1900), pp. 254-55.
II. R, Lapouse and M. Monk, "Fears and Worries in a Representative Sample of
Children", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1959) 29:803-18.
12. S. Hamson, С. Davenport, and J. McDermott, "Childrens Reactions to Be-
reavement," Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:593-97.
13. Anthony, Discovery of Death: M. Nagy, "The Childs View of Death", Journal of
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with Children about Death", American Лита! of Orthopsychiatry (1974) 44:404-11; M.
Macintire. С. Angle, and L. Struempler, "The Concept of Death in Mid-Western Chil-
dren and Youth", American Journal of Disease of Children (1972) 123:527-32.
14. Nagy, "Childs View of Death".
15. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 47-77.
16. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
17. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 158.
18. E. Furman, A Childs Parent Dies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1994), p. 5.
19. Anthony. Discovery of Death, p. 255.
20. J. Sully, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 269.
21. J. Piaget, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 56.
22. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 59.
23. Kastenbaum andAisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 9.
24. Kastenbaum andAisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 12f.
25. S. Brant, cited in Kastenbaum and Aiseiiberg, Psychology of Death, p. 14.
26. Kastenbaum andAisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 14.
27. G. Rochlin.. Griefs and Discontents: The Focus of Change (Boston: Little, Brown,
1965), p. 67.
28. G. Rochlin, "How Younger Children View Death and Themselves", in Explain-
ing Death to Children", ed. E. Grollman (New York: Beacon Press, 1967).
29. M. Scheler, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier
Books, 1963), p. 17.
30. Rochlin, "How Younger Children", p. 56.
31. Ibid., pp. 84-85.
32. M. Klein, "A Contribution to the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt". International
Journal of Psychoanalysis (1948) 29:114-23.
33. К. Eissler, The Psychiatrist and the Dying Patient (New York: International Uni-
versities Press, 1959), pp. 57-58.
34. A. Freud, "Discussion of John Bowlbys Paper", Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
(1960) 15:53-62.
35. Furman, A Childs Parent Dies, p. 51.
36. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 139.
37. Ibid.. pp. 157-58.
38. A. Maurer, "Maturation of Concepts of Death", British Journal of Medical Psy-
chology (1964) 39:35-41.
39. M. Stern, "PavorNoctumis," International Journal ofPsychoanalysis (1951) 32:302.
40. R. White, "Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence", Psycholog-
ical Review (1959) 66:297-333.
41. Maurer, "Maturation".
42. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 29.
43. Maurer. "Maturation".
44. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler, "The Concept of Death".
45. 1. Alexander and A. Adierstein, "Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in
a Population of Children and Early Adolescents", Journal of Genetic Psychology (1958)
93:167-77.
46. Nagy, "Childs View of Death".
47. S. Hostler. "The Development of the Childs Concept of Death," in The Child
and Death, ed. 0. J. Sahler (St. Louis, Mo.: C. V. Mosby, 1978), p. 9.
48. E. Jaques, "Death and the Mid-Life Crisis", International Journal of Psychoanal-
ysis (1968) 46:502-13.
49. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (Philadelphia and London:
W. B. Saunders, 1955), p. 467.
50. V. Franki, oral communication, 1974.
51. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 154.
52. Ibid., p. 155.
53. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
54. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
55. Ibid., p. 257.
56. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
57. Nagy. "Childs View of Death".
58. Koocher. "Talking with Children".
59. 1. Opie, The Love and Language of School Children (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1959).
60. Maurer, "Maturation".
61. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. II: Separation (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
62. A. Jersild and F. Holmes. Childrens Fears (New York: Teachers College, Co-
lumbia University. 1935): and A. Jersild, "Studies of Childrens Fears," in Child Behav-
ior and Development, eds., R. Barker, J. Kounin, and H, Wright (New York, London:
McGraw-Hill, 1943).
63. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, pp. 105-IS.
64. R. May. The Meaning of Anxiety (New York: W. W. Norton. 1977) pp. 105-9.
65. Ibid., pp. 107-8
66. Klein. "A Contribution": and D. Winnicott. The Maturational Process and the
Facilitating Environment (New Yolk: International Universities Press. 1965), p. 41.
67. A. Freud, "Discussion".
68. Anthony. Discovery of Death, p. 161.
69. С. WalU. "The Fear of Death", in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New
York: McGraw-Hill. 1959). pp. 214-23.
70. S. Freud. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, vol. XXIII, in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1964: originally published 1940), p. 185.
71. S. Rosenzweig. and D. Bray. "Sibling Death in Anamneses ofSchizophrenic
Patients." Psychoanalytic Review (1942) 49:71-92; and S. Rosenzweig, "Sibling Death as
a Psychological Experience with Special Reference to Schizophrenia," Psychoanalytic Re-
view (1943) 30:177-86.
72. Rosensweig. "Sibling Death".
73. Ibid.
74. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly
(1961) 35:631-55.
75. J. Hilgard, M. Newman. and F. Fisk, "Strength of Adult Ego Following Child-
hood Bereavement". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1960) 30:788-98.
76. Furman. A Childs Parent Dies. Bowlby. Attachment and Loss, R. Furman, "Death
and the Young Child". Psychoanalytic Study ofthe Child (1964) 29:321-33; and R. Zeiigs,
Childrens Experience with Death (Springfield, III.: C. C. Thomas. 1974), pp. 1-49.
77. Maurer. "Maturation".
78. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler. "The Concept of Death": F. Brown, "De-
pression and Childhood Bereavement". Journal of Mental Science (1961) 107:754-77; 1.
Gregory, "Studies in Parental Deprivation in Psychiatric Patients", American Journal of
Psychiatry (1958)115:432-42: G. Pollack. "Childhood Parent and Sibling Loss in Adull
Patients". Archives of General Psychiatry (October 1962) 7:295-305: and H. Barry and
E. Lindeman, "Critical Ages for Maternal Bereavement in Psychoneuroses", Psychoso-
matic Medicine (1960) 22:166-81.
79. J. Hilgard and M. Newman, "Evidence for Functional Genesis in Mental Illness:
Schizophrenia, Depressive Psychoses and Psychoneurosis", Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease (1961) 132:3-6.
80. M. Breckenridge and E. Vincent, Child Development, ed. W. B. Saunders, 4th
ed. (Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders 1960). p. 138.
81. E. Kubler-Ross, address at Stanford Medical School, May 1978.
82. S. Ferenezi, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 157.
83. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 159.
84. J. Bruner. cited in H. Galen, "A Matter of Life and Death", Young Children
(August 1972) 27:351-56.
85. Galen, "A Matter of Life".
86. Rochlin, "How Younger Children", p. 63.
К главе 4
1. S. Kierkegaard, cited in E. Becker. The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press,
1973), p. 70.
2. 0. Rank, mil Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945),
p. 126.
3. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
1952). p. 66.
4. Becker, Denial of Death, p. 66.
5. R. Liflon, "The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life," in
Explorations of Psychohisfory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon Schuet-
er, 1974), p. 282
6. L. Loesser and T. Biy. "The Role of Death Fears in tire Etiology of Phobic Anx-
iety", International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1960) 10:287-97.
7. Rank. Will Therapy, p. 124.
8. E. Fromm. Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1941),
p. 6.
9. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan llych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics
1960) pp. 131-32.
10. R. Frost, In the Clearing (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1962). p. 39.
II. N. Kazantzakis. Report to Greco, trans. P. A. Bien (New York: Simon Schuster
1965), p. 457.
12. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modem Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York:
Simon Schuster, 1958).
13. С. Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York: Charles Scribner, 1969),
p. 5.
14. E. Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea (New York: Charles Scribner, 1961).
15. С. Wahl. "Suicide as a Magical Act". Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, (May 1957)
21:91-98.
16. F. Kluckholm and F. Stroedbeck. Variations in Value Orientations (New York:
Harper Row, 1961). p. 15.
17. J. M. Keynes, cited in Norman Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage
Books. 1959). p. 107.
18. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New York: Modern Library, 1950). p. 168.
19. H. Feifel, Taboo Topics, ed. Norman Foiterow (New York: Atherton Press, 1963),
p. 15.
20. Rank, Wilt Therapy, p. 130.
21. H. Ibsen, cited in Rank, Will Therapy, p. 131.
22. S. Freud, Some Character Types Met-with in Psychoanalyttc Work, vol. XIV in Stan-
dard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published in 1916), pp. 316-31.
23. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 119.
24. A. Maslow. The Further Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 1971), p. 35.
25. Becker. Denial of Death, pp. 35-39.
26. Fromm, Escape from Freedom. (New York: Holt. Rinehart Winston, 1941).
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27. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (London: W. B. Saunders,
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28. L. Tolstoy, War/and Peace (New York: Modem Library, 1931), p. 231.
29. S. Kierkegaard, cited in Rollo May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York:
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30. M. Heidegger. Being and Time (New York: Harper Row, 1962), p. 105.
31. S. Arieti, "Psychotherapy of Severe Depression", American Journal of Psychiatry
(1977), 134(8):864-68.
32. Ibid.
33. 1. Yalom and G. Elkins, Everyday Gets a Little Closer (New York: Basic Books,
1974).
34. 0. Rank, Will Therapy, pp. 119-34.
35. W. Tietz, "School Phobia and the Fear of Death", Mental Hygiene (1970) 54:565-
68.
36. Oral communication. May 1979.
37. E. Greenberger, "Fantasies of Women Confronting Death", Journal of Consulting
Psychology (1965) 29:252-60.
38. M. Mahler, F. Pine, and A. Bergman, The Psychological Birth of the Infant (New
York: Basic Books, 1975).
39. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 126.
40. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling and the Sickness unto Death (New York: Dou-
bleday Anchor Books. 1953), pp. 182-200.
41. Tillich, The Courage to Be, p. 52.
42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 149.
43. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly
(1961) 35:631-55.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959). p. 107.
49. H. Within, Psychological Differentiation (New York: John Wiley, 1962).
50. H. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation and Forms of Pathology", Journal of
Abnormal Psychology (1965) 70(5):317-36.
51. J. Rotter, "Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Rein-
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52. E. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.J.: General Learning
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53. J. Rotter, "Some Implications of Social Learning Theory for the Prediction of Goal
Directed Behavior from Testing Procedures", Psychology Review (1960) 67:301-16.
54, W. Mischel, R. Zeiss, and A. Zeiss. "Internal-External Control and Persistence",
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1974) 29:265-78.
55. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 7.
56. Ibid., pp. 144-56.
57. Ibid., p. 149.
58. P. Duz, "Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psycho-
therapy Reeducation of Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal-External
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59. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation", Rotter, "Some Implications", and
Phares. Locus of Control.
60. R. RyckmanandM. Sherman. "Relationship between Self Esteem and Internal-
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61. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin. and D. Marcotte. "Personality, Stress ofthe Medical Edu-
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К главе 5
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24. Ibid., p. 99.
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К главе 2
1. A. Meyer, cited by J. Frank, oral communication, 1979.
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33. May, Meaning of Anxiety, p. 207.
34. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 223.
35. A. Sharp, A Green Tree in Geddes (New York. Walker. 1968).
36. R. Skoog, cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis (New York: International Uni-
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44. R. Kastenbauni and R. Aisenbeig, Psychology of Death.
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47. W. Swenson. "Attitudes toward Deatli in an Aged Population", Journal of Geron-
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50. M. Lieberman and A. Coplan, "Distance from Death as a Variable in the Study
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51. M. Means. "Fears of One Thousand College Women", Journal of Abnormal and
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52. W. Middleton, "Some Reactions toward Death among College Students", Jour-
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53. Templer and Ruff, "Death Anxiety Scale Means"; lammarino, "Death Anxiety
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54. P. Thauberger, "The Avoidance ofOntological Confrontation", unpublished Ph.D.
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55. C. Stacey and К. Markin, "The Attitudes of College Students and Penitentiary
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56. D. Templer, "Death Anxiety as Related to Depression and Health of Retired
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58. Munnichs, Old Age and Finitude: A. Christ, "Attitude toward Death among a
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63. Feifel and Branscomb, "Whos Afraid of Death?"
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69. Swenson, "Attitudes toward Death".
70. Templer, "Death Anxiety".
71. N. Kogan and R. Shelton, "Beliefs about Old People", Journal of Genetic Psy-
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72. M. Kramer, C. Winget, and R. Whitman, "A City Dreams: A Survey Approach
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78. The GUgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, trans. A. Heidel (Chicago: Uni-
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79. A. Witt, personal communication, September 1978.
80. Personal communication from a friend.
81. Freud. "Thoughts for the Times", vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 298.
82. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published in 1895).
83. lbid" p. 9.
84. Ibid., p. 7.
85. Ibid., p. xxxi.
86. Ibid., p. 14.
87. Ibid., p. 34.
88. Ibid., p. 117.
89. Ibid., p. 63.
90. Ibid., p. 131.
91. Ibid., p. 137.
92. Ibid., p. 157.
93. S. Freud. Origins of Psychoanatysis, ed. by M. Bonaparte, A. Freud, and E. Kris
(New York: Basic Books, 1954).
94. S. Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX, Standard Edition,
p. 166.
95. A. Compton, "Psychoanalytic Theories of Anxiety," Journal of American Psycho-
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96. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II, in Standard Edition. (London: Hogarth
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97. Ibid., p. 40.
98. Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX, Standard Edition, p. 130.
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101. R. Waelder, Basic Theory of Psychoanatysis (New York: International Universi-
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102. R. Greenson, The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis (New York: Interna-
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103. S. Freud, The Ego and the Id. vol. XIX, Standard Edition (London: Hogarth
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104. Ibid., p. 58ff.
105. S. Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, vol. XVIII in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published 1920), pp. 1-64.
106. Freud, "Thoughts for the Times", vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 299.
107. E. Jones, The Life and Work ofSigmund Freud, vol. I (New York: Basic Books,
1953), p. 40.
108. Ibid., p. 41.
109. Ibid., p. 45.
110. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959).
III. S. Freud, "Thoughts forthe Times", vol. XIV in Standard Edition, pp. 273-300.
112. S. Freud, "The Theme of Three Caskets", vol. XII in Standard Edition (Lon-
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Books, 1953,1955,1957).
114. 1. Stone, Passions of the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1971).
115. For example, J. Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis -with Freud (New York: Simon
Schuster, 1954).
116. For example, S. Freud. Origins of Psychoanalysis, eds. M. Bonaparte, A. Freud,
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117. Jones, vol. I, p. 4.
118. lbid" p. 20.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid., p. xii.
121. Ibid., p. 78.
122. Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis, p. 217.
123. Ibid., p. 129.
К главе 3
1. S. Anthony, The Discovery of Death in Childhood and After (New York: Basic Books,
1972).
2. E. Becker. The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 36.
3. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
4. Ibid., pp. 155-56.
5. Ibid.. p. 157.
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19. Anthony. Discovery of Death, p. 255.
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22. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 59.
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29. M. Scheler, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier
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30. Rochlin, "How Younger Children", p. 56.
31. Ibid., pp. 84-85.
32. M. Klein, "A Contribution to the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt". International
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33. К. Eissler, The Psychiatrist and the Dying Patient (New York: International Uni-
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(1960) 15:53-62.
35. Furman, A Childs Parent Dies, p. 51.
36. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 139.
37. Ibid.. pp. 157-58.
38. A. Maurer, "Maturation of Concepts of Death", British Journal of Medical Psy-
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39. M. Stern, "PavorNoctumis," International Journal ofPsychoanalysis (1951) 32:302.
40. R. White, "Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence", Psycholog-
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41. Maurer, "Maturation".
42. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 29.
43. Maurer. "Maturation".
44. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler, "The Concept of Death".
45. 1. Alexander and A. Adierstein, "Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in
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46. Nagy, "Childs View of Death".
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49. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (Philadelphia and London:
W. B. Saunders, 1955), p. 467.
50. V. Franki, oral communication, 1974.
51. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 154.
52. Ibid., p. 155.
53. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
54. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
55. Ibid., p. 257.
56. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
57. Nagy. "Childs View of Death".
58. Koocher. "Talking with Children".
59. 1. Opie, The Love and Language of School Children (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1959).
60. Maurer, "Maturation".
61. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. II: Separation (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
62. A. Jersild and F. Holmes. Childrens Fears (New York: Teachers College, Co-
lumbia University. 1935): and A. Jersild, "Studies of Childrens Fears," in Child Behav-
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McGraw-Hill, 1943).
63. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, pp. 105-IS.
64. R. May. The Meaning of Anxiety (New York: W. W. Norton. 1977) pp. 105-9.
65. Ibid., pp. 107-8
66. Klein. "A Contribution": and D. Winnicott. The Maturational Process and the
Facilitating Environment (New Yolk: International Universities Press. 1965), p. 41.
67. A. Freud, "Discussion".
68. Anthony. Discovery of Death, p. 161.
69. С. WalU. "The Fear of Death", in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New
York: McGraw-Hill. 1959). pp. 214-23.
70. S. Freud. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, vol. XXIII, in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1964: originally published 1940), p. 185.
71. S. Rosenzweig. and D. Bray. "Sibling Death in Anamneses ofSchizophrenic
Patients." Psychoanalytic Review (1942) 49:71-92; and S. Rosenzweig, "Sibling Death as
a Psychological Experience with Special Reference to Schizophrenia," Psychoanalytic Re-
view (1943) 30:177-86.
72. Rosensweig. "Sibling Death".
73. Ibid.
74. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly
(1961) 35:631-55.
75. J. Hilgard, M. Newman. and F. Fisk, "Strength of Adult Ego Following Child-
hood Bereavement". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1960) 30:788-98.
76. Furman. A Childs Parent Dies. Bowlby. Attachment and Loss, R. Furman, "Death
and the Young Child". Psychoanalytic Study ofthe Child (1964) 29:321-33; and R. Zeiigs,
Childrens Experience with Death (Springfield, III.: C. C. Thomas. 1974), pp. 1-49.
77. Maurer. "Maturation".
78. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler. "The Concept of Death": F. Brown, "De-
pression and Childhood Bereavement". Journal of Mental Science (1961) 107:754-77; 1.
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79. J. Hilgard and M. Newman, "Evidence for Functional Genesis in Mental Illness:
Schizophrenia, Depressive Psychoses and Psychoneurosis", Journal of Nervous and Mental
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80. M. Breckenridge and E. Vincent, Child Development, ed. W. B. Saunders, 4th
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81. E. Kubler-Ross, address at Stanford Medical School, May 1978.
82. S. Ferenezi, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 157.
83. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 159.
84. J. Bruner. cited in H. Galen, "A Matter of Life and Death", Young Children
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85. Galen, "A Matter of Life".
86. Rochlin, "How Younger Children", p. 63.
К главе 4
1. S. Kierkegaard, cited in E. Becker. The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press,
1973), p. 70.
2. 0. Rank, mil Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945),
p. 126.
3. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
1952). p. 66.
4. Becker, Denial of Death, p. 66.
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Explorations of Psychohisfory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon Schuet-
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8. E. Fromm. Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1941),
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13. С. Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York: Charles Scribner, 1969),
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25. Becker. Denial of Death, pp. 35-39.
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27. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (London: W. B. Saunders,
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30. M. Heidegger. Being and Time (New York: Harper Row, 1962), p. 105.
31. S. Arieti, "Psychotherapy of Severe Depression", American Journal of Psychiatry
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32. Ibid.
33. 1. Yalom and G. Elkins, Everyday Gets a Little Closer (New York: Basic Books,
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34. 0. Rank, Will Therapy, pp. 119-34.
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68.
36. Oral communication. May 1979.
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38. M. Mahler, F. Pine, and A. Bergman, The Psychological Birth of the Infant (New
York: Basic Books, 1975).
39. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 126.
40. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling and the Sickness unto Death (New York: Dou-
bleday Anchor Books. 1953), pp. 182-200.
41. Tillich, The Courage to Be, p. 52.
42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 149.
43. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly
(1961) 35:631-55.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959). p. 107.
49. H. Within, Psychological Differentiation (New York: John Wiley, 1962).
50. H. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation and Forms of Pathology", Journal of
Abnormal Psychology (1965) 70(5):317-36.
51. J. Rotter, "Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Rein-
forcement", Psychological Monographs (1966) 80 (I, whole #609).
52. E. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.J.: General Learning
Press, 1976).
53. J. Rotter, "Some Implications of Social Learning Theory for the Prediction of Goal
Directed Behavior from Testing Procedures", Psychology Review (1960) 67:301-16.
54, W. Mischel, R. Zeiss, and A. Zeiss. "Internal-External Control and Persistence",
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1974) 29:265-78.
55. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 7.
56. Ibid., pp. 144-56.
57. Ibid., p. 149.
58. P. Duz, "Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psycho-
therapy Reeducation of Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal-External
Control", Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 17:567-72.
59. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation", Rotter, "Some Implications", and
Phares. Locus of Control.
60. R. RyckmanandM. Sherman. "Relationship between Self Esteem and Internal-
External Locus of Control". Psychological Reports (1973) 32:1106; and В. Fish and S.
Karabenick, "Relationship between Self Esteemand Locus of Control". Psychological Reports
(1971) 29:784.
61. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin. and D. Marcotte. "Personality, Stress ofthe Medical Edu-
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62. F. Melges and A. Weisz, "The Personal Future and Suicidal Ideation", Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease (1971) 153:244-50: and H. Lefcourt, Locus of Control (Hills-
dale, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum, 1976), p. 148.
63. J. Shybutt, "Time Perspective. Internal vs. External Control and Severity of Psy-
chological Disturbance", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1968) 24:312-15; and С. Smith,
M. Peyer, and M. Distefano, "Internal-External Control and Severity Emotional Impair-
ment," Journal of Clinical Psychology (1971) 27:449-50.
64. M. Harrow and A. Ferrante, "Locus of Control in Psychiatric Patients," Journal
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of Parental Behavior ill Schizophrenic and Nonnal Subjects", Journal of Personality (1961)
29:363-79.
65. С. Feisten, "A Functional Analysis of Depression", American Psychologist (1973)
28:857-70; P. Lewinsohn, cited in Lefcourt, Aspects of Depression: W. Miller and M.
Seligman, "Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement", Journal of Abnormal Psy-
chology (1973) 82:62-73; and L. Abramson and H. Sackeim, "A Paradox in Depression:
Uncontrollability and Self-Blame", Psychology Bulletin (1977) 84:838-52.
66. A. Tolor and M. Reznikoff. "Relation between Insight, Repression-Sensitization,
Internal-External Control and Deatli Anxiety". Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967)
72:426-31.
67. A. Berman and J. Hays, "Relation between Death Anxiety, Belief in Afterlife,
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К главе 5
1. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York:
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