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Harper Row, 1962), p. 158.
84. A. Camus, The Fall and Exile in the Kingdom (New York: Modem Library, 1965),
p. 63.
85. S. Beckett, En Attendant Godot (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1952); my transla-
tion.
86. W. James, Principles of Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Faweett, 1963), chap. 26,
pp. 365-401.
87. R. Goulding, "New Directions in Transactional Analysis: Creating an Environ-
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pp. 198-240.
89. Goulding, "New Directions", pp. 110-112.
90. E. Eriksoii, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
91. J. Gardner, Grendel (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), p. 115.
92. F. Estees, oral communication, 197/.
93. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 310.
94. Wheelis, "Will and Psychoanalysis."
95. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. I, p. 428.
96. E. Menaker, "Will and the Problem of Masochism", Journal of Contemporary
Psychotherapy (1969), 1:186-226.
97. В. Jones and H. Gerard, Foundations of Social Psychology (New York: John Wiley,
1967), pp. 186-226.
98. L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, III.: Row, Peterson,
1957).
99. Jones and Gerard, Social Psychology, pp. 193-94.
100. L. Rhinehart. The Dice Man (New York: William Morrow. 1971).
101. J. Bugental, "Someone Needs to Worry: The Existential Anxiety of Responsibil-
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102. R. White, "Motivation Reconsidered," The Psychological Review (1959) 66:297-
333.
103. К. Homey, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950).
104. Ibid., p. 17.
105. H. Greenwald, Decision Therapy (New York: Peter Wyden, 1973), p. 154.
106. Farber, Ways of the Will, p. 450.
107. Greenwald, Decision Therapy, p. 22.
108. Ibid., p. 38.
109. May, Love and Will, pp. 236-37.
110. J. Frank, "Emotional Reaction of American Soldiers to an Unfamiliar Disease",
Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:416-427.
III. M. Leiberman, 1. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New
York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 365-67.
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on Mental Process", Psychological Reviews (1977) 84:231-58.
113. 1. Yalom, Group PsychoMerapy. pp. 440-45.
114. S. Freud, "Constructions in Analysis", vol. XXIII in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published in 1937), p. 259.
115. Ibid., 266.
116. Rank, mil Therapy, p. 44.
117. M. Gatch and M. Temerlin, "Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior
of the Psychotherapist", Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, (1965) 5:16-35.
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119. E. Goffman, "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient", Psychiatry (1959)
22:123-42.
120. С. Ryeroft, Psychoanalysis Observed (London: Constable, 1966), p. 18.
К главе 8
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14. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 233.
15. Ibid.. p. 393.
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18. L. Fierman. ed.. Effective Psychotherapy: The Contributions of Helmuth Kaiser (New
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19. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt. Rinehart Winston, 1941),
p. 29.
20. 0. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality, trans. J. Taft (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1945), p. 123.
21. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston,
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22. M. Buber. Between Man and Man (New York: MacmiUan, 1965), p. II.
23. Ibid., p. 175.
24. M. Buber, / and Thou (New York: Charles Scribner, 1970), p. 69.
25. Ibid., pp. 76-79.
Buber, Between Man and Man, p. xx.
Buber, / and Thou. p. 54.
Ibid., p. 58.
Ibid., p. 62.
Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 22-23.
Ibid., p. 19.
Ibid., p. 23.
33. V. Franki, "Encounter: The Concept and Its Vulgarization", Journal of the Amer-
ican Academy of Psychoanalysis (1973) 1:73-83.
34. Buber. Between Man and Man, p. 19.
35. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
36. Buber, / and Thou, pp. 84-85.
37. HiUel, cited in Buber. / and Thou, p. 85 n.
38. M. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 1-2.
39. A. Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1968),
pp. 21-22.
40. Ibid.. p. 35.
41. Ibid., p. 36.
42. Ibid., pp. 42-43.
43. E. Fromm. Art of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963).
44. Ibid., p. 7.
45. Ibid.. p. 15.
46. Ibid., p. 17.
47. Ibid., p. 34.
48. Ibid.. p. 18.
49. E. Fromm, Man for Himself (ew York: Faweett World Library, 1969), pp. 68-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
50. Fromm. Art of Loving, pp. 21-22.
51. Buber, I and Thou, p. 67.
52. Fromm, Art of Loving, p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 39.
54. S. K-ierkegaard, Fear and Trembling/The Sickness unto Death, ti-ans. W. Lowrie
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ofPsychoanaiysis (1963) 44:64-73.
56. 1. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975),
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58. L. Fierman. ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Helmuth Kaiser, op.
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59. Ibid., p. 110.
60. К.-Bach, Exit-Existentialism (Belmont. Calif.: Wadsworth. 1973), p. 28.
61. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling I The Sickness unto Death, p. 175.
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63. Fromm, Escape from Freedom, p. 158.
64. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (Lon-
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65. E. Greenspan, "Fantasies of Women Confronting Death", Journal of Consulting
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66. V. Soloviev, cited in E. Becker, Angel in Armor (New York: George Braziller,
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67. S. Kierkegaard, Either/Or, vol. 1.. trans. D. Swanson and L. Swanson (Princ-
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68. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 29-30.
69. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1965). p. 77.
70. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), pp. 81-82.
К главе 9
1. В. Russell. The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Alien Unwin, 1975).
p. 209.
2. Ibid., p. 146.
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4. A. Whitehead, Religion in the Making (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962),
p. 16.
5. E. Fromm, The Art Of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 94.
6. Moustakas. Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 47.
7. A. Camus, cited in M. Charlesworth. The Existentialists and Jean-Paul Sartre (Bris-
bane, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1975), p. 5.
8. R. Hobson, "Loneliness", Journal of Analytic Psychology (1974) 19:71-89.
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15. Ibid., p. 3.
16. Ibid., p. 41.
17. Ibid., p. 67.
18. Ibid.. p. 90.
19. Ibid., p. 158.
20. Ibid., p. 178.
21. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press,
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22. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man, trans. M. Friedman and R. Smith (New York:
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23. Ibid., p. 82.
24. 1. Yalom and G. Elkin, Every Day Gets a Little Closer: A Twice-Told Therapy (New
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25. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed.
L. Fierman (New York: Free Press. 1965), p. 152.
26. К. Fisher, "Ultimate Goals in. Therapy", Journal of Existentialism: The Interna-
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27. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1965),
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28. С. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy (New York: Libra, 1965), p. 113.
29. Ibid., p. 121.
30. M. Buber, Knowledge of Man. p. 82.
31. M. Buber, land Thou. p. 179.
32. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy p. 123.
33. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, (New York: Harper Row, 1962), p. 158.
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37. Ibid., p. 165.
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39. R. Greenson and M. Wexler, "The Non-Transference Relationship in the Psy-
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41. GreensonandWexler. "Non-Transference Relationship".
42. Ibid.
43. M. Buber, / and Thou, pp. 84-85.
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6. Ibid.. p. 20.
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37. Ibid., p. 92.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 94.
40. Ibid., p. 94.
41. Ibid., p. 105.
42. Ibid.. p. 108.
43. Ibid.. p. 121-122.
44. Ibid., p. 123.
45. Ibid., p. 124.
46. G. Allport, cited in V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 66.
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50. Ibid., p. 129.
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59. Ibid., p. 437.
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63. G. Vaillant. Adaptation, p. 22S.
64. Ibid., p. 232.
65. Ibid., p. 343.
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74. V. Franki, "Self-transcendence".
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79. V. Franki, "Self-transcendence".
80. V. Franki, Mans Search for Meaning, p. 155.
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V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 70.
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84. Ibid., p. 44.
85. V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 21.
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99. Ibid.
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109. Ibid.
110. Crumbaugh, "Frankls Logotherapy".
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118. P. Pearson and B. Sheffield, "Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes in Psychiat-
ric Patients", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(2) 330-32.
119. J. Crumbaugh, Sister Mary Raphael, and R. Shrader, "Frankls Will to Mean-
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Carthy, op. cit.; and J. Blazer, "The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Fear of
Death", Psychology (1973) 10(2) 33-34.
121. L. Doerries, "Purpose in Life and Social Participation", Journal of Individual
Psychology, (1970) 26(l):50-53; and R. Matteson, "Purpose in Life as Related to Involve-
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122. Matteson, "Purpose in Life".
123. A. Butler and L. Can", "Purpose in Life through Social Action", Journal of Soda!
Psychology (1968) 74(2) 243-50.
124. D. Sharpe and L. Viney, "Weltanschauung and the Purpose in Life Test", Jour-
nal of Clinical Psychology (1973) 29(4) 489-91.
125. Matteson, "Purpose in Life".
126. G. Sargent. "Motivation and Meaning: Frankls Logotherapy in the Work Situa-
tion", Dissertation Abstracts international (1973) vol. 34(4-B), 1785.
127. Garfield, "Psychometric and Clinical Investigation".
128. Padelford, "Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life".
129. Crumbaugh, "Cross-Validation".
130. Sheffield and Pearson, "Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes".
131. Battista and Almond, "Development of Meaning".
132. M. Camey and B. Sheffield, "The Effects of Pulse ЕСТ in Neurotic and Endog-
enous Depression", British Journal of Psychiatry (1974) 125:91-94.
К главе II
1. V. Franki, "What Is Meant by Meaning", Journal of Existentialism (1966) 7:21-28.
2. Ibid.
3. С. Kluckholm, "Values and Value-Orientation in the Theory of Action", in To-
ward A General Theory of Action, ed. T. Parsons and E. Shils (Cambridge, Mass.; Har-
vard University Press, 1951), p. 396.
4. Ibid., pp. 388-434.
5. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Дуге/(New York: Charles
Scribner, 1929), p. 20.
6. Ibid., p. 185.
7. В. Russell, A Free Mans Worship (Portland, Me.;T. B, Mosher, 1927).
8. E. Becker, Escape from Evil (New York; Free Press, 1975), p. 3.
9. V. Franki, Mans Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (Mew York:
Pocket Books, 1963), p. 192.
10. D. Hume, cited in A. Flew, "Tolstoi and the Meaning of Life", Ethics (1963)
73:110-18.
II. B. Wolman, "Principles of Interactional Psychotherapy", Psychotherapy: Theo-
ry, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149-59.
12. V. Franki, Mans Search, p. 176.
13. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1941),
p. 13.
14. D. Suzuki, "East and West", in E. Fromm, D. Suzuki, and R. DeMartino,
Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (New York: Harper Row, 1960), pp. 1-10.
15. Matthew 6:26 (King James Version).
16. Luke 12:27 (King James Version).
17. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance (Beverly Hills, Calif.:
Glencoe Press, 1975), p. 143.
18. W. B. Yeats, cited in R. Hepburn, "Questions about the Meaning of Life",
Religious Studies (1965) 1:125-40.
19. Hepburn, "Questions".
20. В. Rajneesh, cited in B. Gunther, Dying for Enlightenment (New York: Harper
: Row, 1979).
21. V. Franki, "Fragments from the Logotherapeutic Treatment of Four Cases", in
Modern Psychotherapeutic Practice, ed. A. Burton (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behav-
ior Books, 1965), pp. 365-67.
22. Personal communication, 1970.
23. V. Franki, Mans Search, pp. 143-44.
24. Ibid., pp. 368-70.
25. T. Zuehike and J. Watkins, "The Use of Logotherapy with Dying Patients: An
Exploratory Study", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31:729-32.
26. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961),
pp. 139-40.
27. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death (Englewood Clifis, N. ].: Prentice-
Hall. 1976), p. 81.
28. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1961),
p. 27f.; J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969); and J. Crum-
baugh, Everything to Gain (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1973).
29. V. Franki, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 221-
53.
30. M. Erickson, "The Use of Symptoms as an Integral Part ofHypnotherapy", Amer-
ican Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1965) 8:57-65; J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psy-
chiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973): and P. Watziaw-
ick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson. Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York:
W. W. Norton, 1967).
31. J. Crumbaugh, "Frankls Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling", Jour-
nal of Religion and Health (1970) 10:373-86.
32. D. Follesdal, oral communication, 1979.
33. T. Nagel, Mortal Questions (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 21.
34. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism: A Philosophy of Self-Awareness (Belmont, Calif.: Wads-
worth, 1973), p. 6.
35. A. Schopenhauer, cited in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Ed-
wards, et al. (New York: Macrnillan, 1967), p. 468.
36. Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 22.
37. Bach, Exit-Existentialism, p. 7.
38. Hume, cited in Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 20.
39. Tolstoy, My Confession, p. 16.
40. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Harper Row, 1962), p. 158.
84. A. Camus, The Fall and Exile in the Kingdom (New York: Modem Library, 1965),
p. 63.
85. S. Beckett, En Attendant Godot (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1952); my transla-
tion.
86. W. James, Principles of Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Faweett, 1963), chap. 26,
pp. 365-401.
87. R. Goulding, "New Directions in Transactional Analysis: Creating an Environ-
ment for Redecision and Change", in Progress in Group and Family Therapy, eds. C. Sager
and H. Kaplan (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972), pp. 105-34.
88. J. Dusay and C. Steiner, "Transactional Analysis in Groups", in Comprehensive
Group Therapy, eds. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 1971),
pp. 198-240.
89. Goulding, "New Directions", pp. 110-112.
90. E. Eriksoii, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
91. J. Gardner, Grendel (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), p. 115.
92. F. Estees, oral communication, 197/.
93. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 310.
94. Wheelis, "Will and Psychoanalysis."
95. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. I, p. 428.
96. E. Menaker, "Will and the Problem of Masochism", Journal of Contemporary
Psychotherapy (1969), 1:186-226.
97. В. Jones and H. Gerard, Foundations of Social Psychology (New York: John Wiley,
1967), pp. 186-226.
98. L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, III.: Row, Peterson,
1957).
99. Jones and Gerard, Social Psychology, pp. 193-94.
100. L. Rhinehart. The Dice Man (New York: William Morrow. 1971).
101. J. Bugental, "Someone Needs to Worry: The Existential Anxiety of Responsibil-
ity and Decision", Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (1967) 2:41-53.
102. R. White, "Motivation Reconsidered," The Psychological Review (1959) 66:297-
333.
103. К. Homey, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950).
104. Ibid., p. 17.
105. H. Greenwald, Decision Therapy (New York: Peter Wyden, 1973), p. 154.
106. Farber, Ways of the Will, p. 450.
107. Greenwald, Decision Therapy, p. 22.
108. Ibid., p. 38.
109. May, Love and Will, pp. 236-37.
110. J. Frank, "Emotional Reaction of American Soldiers to an Unfamiliar Disease",
Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:416-427.
III. M. Leiberman, 1. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New
York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 365-67.
112. R. Nisbett and T. Wilson, "Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports
on Mental Process", Psychological Reviews (1977) 84:231-58.
113. 1. Yalom, Group PsychoMerapy. pp. 440-45.
114. S. Freud, "Constructions in Analysis", vol. XXIII in Standard Edition (London:
Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published in 1937), p. 259.
115. Ibid., 266.
116. Rank, mil Therapy, p. 44.
117. M. Gatch and M. Temerlin, "Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior
of the Psychotherapist", Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, (1965) 5:16-35.
118. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 36.
119. E. Goffman, "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient", Psychiatry (1959)
22:123-42.
120. С. Ryeroft, Psychoanalysis Observed (London: Constable, 1966), p. 18.
К главе 8
1. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York:
Harper Row, 1962), p. 57.
2. S. Freud, "Inhibitions. Symptoms and Anxiety", vol. XX in Standard Edition
(London: Hogarth Press, 1959; originally published in 1929), pp. 119-23.
3. P. MuUahy, Psychoanalysis and Interpersonal Psychiatry: The Contribution of Harry
Stack Sullivan (New York: Science House, 1970), p. 137.
4. С. Rogers, "Tile Loneliness of Contemporary Man as Seen in the Case of Ellen
West", in Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry (1961) 1:94-101.
5. 1. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic
Books, 1975), p. 80.
6. Rogers, "Loneliness of Contemporary Man"; F. Fromm-Reichman, "Loneliness",
Psychiatry (1959) 22:1-16; H. Leiderman, "Intervention", Psychiatry Clinics [1969)
6:155-74; E. Josephson and M. Josephson, Man Alone (New York: Dell Books, 1962);
J. Rubins, "On the Psychopathology of Loneliness", American Journal of Psychoanalysis
(1964) 24:153-65; D. Reisman, R. Denny, and N. Glaser, The Lonely Crowd (New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950): G. Moustakas, Loneliness (New York: Pren-
tice-Hall, 1961); M. Wood, Paths of Loneliness (New York: Columbia University Press,
1953); A. Wenkert, "Regaining Identity through Relatedness", American Journal of Psy-
choanalysis (1961) 22:227-33; and W. Willig, "Discussion of A. Wenker paper", Amer-
ican Journal of Psychoanalysis. (1961) 22:236-39.
7. T. Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 31.
8. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 284.
9. M. Abrams et al., eds., Everyman, in The Norton Anthology of English Literature,
vol. I (New York: W. W. Norton. 1962), pp. 281-303.
10. E. Fromm, The Art of Loving, (New York: Bantam Books, 1956), p. 7.
II. A. Camus, "La Mort dans lame", in LEnvers et lendroit (Paris: Librairie Gal-
limard, 1937), pp. 87-88; passage translated by Marilyn Yalom.
12. R, Frost, "Desert Places," in Complete Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Henry
Holt, 1949), p. 386.
13. К. Reinhardt, The Existential Revolt (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1952), p. 235.
14. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 233.
15. Ibid.. p. 393.
16. H. DrefUss, "Commentary on Being and Time", unpublished manuscript, 1977.
17. F. Nietzsche, cited in M. Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics (New York:
Anchor Books. 1961), p. 29.
18. L. Fierman. ed.. Effective Psychotherapy: The Contributions of Helmuth Kaiser (New
York: Free Press, 1965), p. 126.
19. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt. Rinehart Winston, 1941),
p. 29.
20. 0. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality, trans. J. Taft (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1945), p. 123.
21. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston,
1965), p. 309.
22. M. Buber. Between Man and Man (New York: MacmiUan, 1965), p. II.
23. Ibid., p. 175.
24. M. Buber, / and Thou (New York: Charles Scribner, 1970), p. 69.
25. Ibid., pp. 76-79.
Buber, Between Man and Man, p. xx.
Buber, / and Thou. p. 54.
Ibid., p. 58.
Ibid., p. 62.
Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 22-23.
Ibid., p. 19.
Ibid., p. 23.
33. V. Franki, "Encounter: The Concept and Its Vulgarization", Journal of the Amer-
ican Academy of Psychoanalysis (1973) 1:73-83.
34. Buber. Between Man and Man, p. 19.
35. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
36. Buber, / and Thou, pp. 84-85.
37. HiUel, cited in Buber. / and Thou, p. 85 n.
38. M. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 1-2.
39. A. Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1968),
pp. 21-22.
40. Ibid.. p. 35.
41. Ibid., p. 36.
42. Ibid., pp. 42-43.
43. E. Fromm. Art of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963).
44. Ibid., p. 7.
45. Ibid.. p. 15.
46. Ibid., p. 17.
47. Ibid., p. 34.
48. Ibid.. p. 18.
49. E. Fromm, Man for Himself (ew York: Faweett World Library, 1969), pp. 68-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
50. Fromm. Art of Loving, pp. 21-22.
51. Buber, I and Thou, p. 67.
52. Fromm, Art of Loving, p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 39.
54. S. K-ierkegaard, Fear and Trembling/The Sickness unto Death, ti-ans. W. Lowrie
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Anchor. Г954), p. 177.
55. L. Carroll, cited in J. Solomon, "Alice and the Red King", International Journal
ofPsychoanaiysis (1963) 44:64-73.
56. 1. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975),
pp. 440-45.
57. S. Arieti. "Psychotherapy of Severe Depression", American Journal of Psychiatry
(1977) 134:864-68.
58. L. Fierman. ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Helmuth Kaiser, op.
cit, p. 131.
59. Ibid., p. 110.
60. К.-Bach, Exit-Existentialism (Belmont. Calif.: Wadsworth. 1973), p. 28.
61. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling I The Sickness unto Death, p. 175.
62. Fierman. Effective Psychotherapy, p. 120.
63. Fromm, Escape from Freedom, p. 158.
64. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1960: originally published 1901), p. 158.
65. E. Greenspan, "Fantasies of Women Confronting Death", Journal of Consulting
Psychology (1975) 29:252-60.
66. V. Soloviev, cited in E. Becker, Angel in Armor (New York: George Braziller,
1969), p. 5.
67. S. Kierkegaard, Either/Or, vol. 1.. trans. D. Swanson and L. Swanson (Princ-
eton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944). pp. 297-443.
68. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 29-30.
69. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1965). p. 77.
70. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), pp. 81-82.
К главе 9
1. В. Russell. The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Alien Unwin, 1975).
p. 209.
2. Ibid., p. 146.
3. 1. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books,
1975), pp. 78-83.
4. A. Whitehead, Religion in the Making (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962),
p. 16.
5. E. Fromm, The Art Of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 94.
6. Moustakas. Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 47.
7. A. Camus, cited in M. Charlesworth. The Existentialists and Jean-Paul Sartre (Bris-
bane, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1975), p. 5.
8. R. Hobson, "Loneliness", Journal of Analytic Psychology (1974) 19:71-89.
9. R. BoUendorf, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northern Illinois University. 1976.
10. 0. Will, oral communication, child psychiatry grand rounds, Stanford Universi-
ty, Department of Psychiatry, 1978.
II. L. Sherby, "The Use of Isolation in Ongoing Psychotherapy", Psychotherapy:
Theory, Research and Practice, (1975) 12:173-74.
12. 1. Yalom, et al.. "The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual
Therapy", Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:399-415.
, 13. С. Truax and К. Mitchell, "Research on Certain Therapist Interpersonal Skills in
Relation to Process and Outcome", in Handbook of Psychotherapy, A. Bergin and S. Gar-
field, eds. (New York: John Wiley, 1971), pp. 299-344; С. Rogers, "Empathic: An
Unappreciated Way of Being", Counseling Psychologist (1975) 5(2):2-10; С. Truax and R.
Carkhuff. Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice (Chicago:
Aldine. 1967); G. Barrett-Lennard, "Dimensions of Therapist Response as Causal Fac-
tors in Therapeuric Change". Psychological Monographs 76, no. 43 (whole no. 562), 1962;
E. Fieder, "A Comparison of Therapeutic Relationships in Psychoanalytic, Non-Direc-
tive and Adierian Therapy", Journal of Consulting Psychology (1950) 14:436-45; A. Ber-
gin and L. Jasper, "Correlates of Empathy in Psychotherapy: A Replication", Journal of
Abnormal Psychology (1969) 74:477-81; and A. Bergin and S. Solomon "Personality and
Performance Correlates of Empathic Understanding in Psychotherapy", in J. Hart and T.
Tomlinson, eds., New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1970), pp. 223-36.
14. S. Standal and R. Corsini, eds.. Critical Incidents in Psychotherapy (Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1959).
15. Ibid., p. 3.
16. Ibid., p. 41.
17. Ibid., p. 67.
18. Ibid.. p. 90.
19. Ibid., p. 158.
20. Ibid., p. 178.
21. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press,
1964, originally published in 1895).
22. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man, trans. M. Friedman and R. Smith (New York:
Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 81.
23. Ibid., p. 82.
24. 1. Yalom and G. Elkin, Every Day Gets a Little Closer: A Twice-Told Therapy (New
York: Basic Books, 1974).
25. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed.
L. Fierman (New York: Free Press. 1965), p. 152.
26. К. Fisher, "Ultimate Goals in. Therapy", Journal of Existentialism: The Interna-
tional Quarterly of Existential Thought (1967) 7:215-32.
27. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1965),
pp. 171-72.
28. С. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy (New York: Libra, 1965), p. 113.
29. Ibid., p. 121.
30. M. Buber, Knowledge of Man. p. 82.
31. M. Buber, land Thou. p. 179.
32. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy p. 123.
33. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, (New York: Harper Row, 1962), p. 158.
34. Buber, Knowledge of Man, pp. 166-84.
35. D. Rosenhan, "On Being Sane in Insane Places", Science (1973) 179:250-58.
36. S. Freud, Observations on Transference-Love, vol. XII in Standard Edition (Lon-
don: Hogarth Press, 1958; originally published in 1915), p. 169.
37. Ibid., p. 165.
38. S. Ferenezi, cited in S. Foulkes, "A Memorandum on Group Therapy". British
Military Memorandum, ADM, July 1945.
39. R. Greenson and M. Wexler, "The Non-Transference Relationship in the Psy-
choanalytic Situation", International Journal ofPsychoanaiysis (1969) 50:27-39.
40. A. Freud, "The Widening Scope of Indications for Psychoanalysis", discussion.,
Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (1954) 2:607-20.
41. GreensonandWexler. "Non-Transference Relationship".
42. Ibid.
43. M. Buber, / and Thou, pp. 84-85.
К главе 10
1. Anonymous, cited in H. Cantril and C. Bumstead, Reflections on the Human Ven-
ture (New York: New York University Press, 1960), p. 308.
2. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief (New York: Charles
Scdbner, 1929), p. 12.
3. Ibid.. p. 13.
4. Ibid.. p. 14.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.. p. 20.
7. A. Camus, cited in A. Jaffe. The Myth of Meaning in the Work of C. J. lung (Lon-
don: Hodden : Stoughton. 1970), title page.
8. C. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.
9. C. Jung, Cottected Works: The Practice of Psychotherapy, vol. XVI (New York:
Pantheon, BoUingen Series, 1966), p. 83.
10. V. Franki, "The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy",
American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85-89; V. Franki, The Will to Meaning (New
York: World, 1969), p. 90; and V. Franki, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf. 1965), p. xi.
II. S. Maddi, "The Search for Meaning", in The Nebraska Symposium on Motiva-
tion-1970, ed. W. Arnold and M. Page (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970),
pp. 137-86.
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17. V. FranM, Mans Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), pp. 186-
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18. M. Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, vol. II (Chicago, London: Universi-
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19. С. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.
20. C. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), pp.
255-56.
21. G. Hegel, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 145.
22. R. Rilke, Ausgewahlte Werke, vol. I (Leipzig: Iminsel-Verlag, 1930), p. 28: trans-
lation by Marilyn Yalom.
23. Т. Mann, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 140.
24. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper, 1959).
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26. A. Pope, The Selected Poetry of Pope, ed. M. Price (New York: New American
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27. Т. Dobzhansky, The Biology of UMmafe Concern (New York: New American Li-
brary. 1967), p. 132.
28. P. Teilhard de Chardin. cited in Dobzhansky, Biology of Ultimate Concern, p. 137.
29. A. Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1955).
30. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).
31. A. Camus. The Stranger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946).
32. A. Camus, Myth of Sisyphus, p. 90.
33. A. Camus, The Plague (New York: Modern Library, 1948).
34. J. P. Sartre, cited in R. Hepburn, "Questions about the Meaning of Life", Re-
ligious Studies (1965) 1:125-40.
35. J. P. Sartre. No Exit and Three Other Plays (New York: Vintage Books, 1955).
36. Ibid., p. 91.
37. Ibid., p. 92.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 94.
40. Ibid., p. 94.
41. Ibid., p. 105.
42. Ibid.. p. 108.
43. Ibid.. p. 121-122.
44. Ibid., p. 123.
45. Ibid., p. 124.
46. G. Allport, cited in V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 66.
47. C. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 146.
48. К. Jaspers, cited in Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 38.
49. W. Durant. On the leaning of Life (New York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith,
1932), pp. 128-29.
50. Ibid., p. 129.
51. 1. Taylor. cited in S. Maddi, "The Strenuousness of the Creative Life", in
I.A.Taylor and J, W. Getzels, eds.. Perspectives in Creativity (Chicago: Aldine. 1975),
pp. 173-90.
52. L. Beethoven, cited in M. Von Andics, Suicide and the Meaning of Life (London:
William Hodge, 1947), p. 178.
53. A. Roe, "Changes in Scientific Activities with Age". Science (1965) 150:313-18.
54. M. Crosby. oral communication, 1979.
55. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death? (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1976),
pp. 37-38.
56. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance, 2nd ed. (Beverly Hills,
Calif.: Clencoe Press, 1975), pp. 9-10.
57. A. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962), p. 147.
58. M. Buber, "The Way of Man According to the Teachings of Hasidism", in Reli-
gion from Tolstoy to Camus, ed. W. Kaufman (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961),
pp. 425-41.
59. Ibid., p. 437.
60. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963),
pp. 247-74.
61. G. Vaillant. Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown. 1977); R. Gould, "The
Phases of Adult Life: A Study in Developmental Psychology", American Journal of Psychia-
try (1972) 129:521-31: and D. Levinson. The Seasons of A Mans Life (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
62. Erikson, Childhood, p. 267,
63. G. Vaillant. Adaptation, p. 22S.
64. Ibid., p. 232.
65. Ibid., p. 343.
66. N. Haan and J. Block, cited in G. Vaillant, op. cit., p. 330.
67. V. Franki, Man s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York:
Pocket Books, 1963).
68. V. Franki, oral communication, 1971.
69. V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 21.
70. V. Franki, "Self-transcendence as a Human Phenomenon", Journal of Humanis-
tic Psychology (1966) 6:97-107.
71. С. Buhler. "The Human Course of Life in Its Goal Aspects", Journal of Human-
istic Psychology. (1964) 4:1-17.
72. G. Allport, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955).
73. V. Franki, Mans Search, p. 166.
74. V. Franki, "Self-transcendence".
75. W. Frankena, Ethics (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1973) p. 86.
76. A. Watts, The Meaning of Happiness (New York: Perennial Library, Harper Row,
1940), p. vi.
77. V. Franki. Mans Search for Meaning, p. 154.
78. A. Ungersma. The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia. Pa.: Westminister Press,
1961), pp. 27f.
79. V. Franki, "Self-transcendence".
80. V. Franki, Mans Search for Meaning, p. 155.
. Ibid., p. 154.
V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 70.
81.
82.
83. V. Franki. cited in J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968),
p. 40.
84. Ibid., p. 44.
85. V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 21.
86. S:Bloch et al., "Outcome in Psychotherapy Evaluated by Independent Judges",
British Journal of Psychiatry (1977) 131:410-14; and G. Bond, et al.. "The Evaluation of
the Target Problem Approach to Outcome Measures" Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and
Practice (1979) 16(1): 48-54.
87. J. Gardner, doctoral dissertation. University of Chicago, 1977.
88. S. Freud, cited in Edwards. "Meaning and Value", p. 477.
89. V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 84.
90. J. Crumbaugh. "Frankls Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling", Jour-
nal of Religion and Health (1971) 10:373-86.
91. Ing. Alois Habinger, cited in V. Franki, "The Feeling of Meaninglessness:
A Challenge to Psychotherapy", American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85-89.
92. Maddi, "Search for Meaning": Maddi, "Existential Neurosis": and S. Kobasa
and S. Maddi, "Existential Personality Theory," in Current Personality Theory, ed.
R. Corsini (Itasca, III.: Peacock Books. 1979).
"The Alienation Test", Journal of Hu-
93. S. Maddi, oral communications, 1979.
94. S. Maddi, S. Kobasa, and M. Hoover,
monistic Psychology (1979) 19(4): 73-76.
95. Maddi, "Search for Meaning."
96. J. Pike, Beyond Anxiety (New York: Charles Scribner, 1953).
97. J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholick, "An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The
Approach to Frankls Concept ofNoogenic Neurosis", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1964)
20:200-207.
98. J. Braun and G. Dolmino, "The Purpose in Life Test," in The Seventh Mental
Measurements Yearbook, ed. О. К. Buros (Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon Press, 1978),
p. 656.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. J. Battista and R. Almond. "The Development of Meaning in Life", Psychiatry
(1973) 36:409-27.
102. С. Garfield, "A Psychonietric and Clinical Investigation of Frankls Concept of
Existential Vacuum and ofAnomie", Psychiatry (1973) 36:396-408.
103. Braun and Domino, "Purpose in Life Test".
104. Ibid.
105. J. Crumbaugh. "Cross-Validation of Purpose in Life Test", Journal of Individual
Psychology, (1968) 24:74-81.
106. M. Familetti, "A Comparison of the Meaning and Purpose in Life of Delinquent
and Non-delinquent High School Boys", United States International University, Disserta-
tion Abstracts International Sept. 1975 vol. 36(3-A), 1825.
107. В. Padelford, "Relationship between Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life",
San Diego State University, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(3):303-5.
108. Crumbaugh, "Cross-Validation".
109. Ibid.
110. Crumbaugh, "Frankls Logotherapy".
III. R. Jacobson, D. Ritter, and L. Mueller, "Purpose in Life and Personal Values
among Adult Alcoholics", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1)314-16.
112. В. Sheffield and P. Pearson, "Purpose in Life in a Sample of British Psychiatric
Outpatients", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(4)459.
113. D. SalleeandJ. Casciani, "Relationship between SexDrive and Sexual Frustra-
tion and Purpose in Life", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1967) 32(2) 273-75.
114. J. Thomas and E. Weiner, "Psychological Differences among Groups of Criti-
cally III Hospitalized Patients, Noncritically III Hospitalized Patients and Well Controls",
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1974) 42(2) 274-79.
115. J. Crandall and R. Rasmussen, "Purpose in Life as Related to Specific Values",
Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(3) 483-85.
116. Ibid.: and D. Soderstrom and E. Wright, "Religious Orientation and Meaning in
Life", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1) 65-68.
117. J. McCarthy, "Death Anxiety, Intrinsicness of Religion and Purpose in Life among
Nuns and Roman Catholic Female Undergraduates", Dissertation Abstracts International
(1975) vol. 35(11-B) 5646.
118. P. Pearson and B. Sheffield, "Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes in Psychiat-
ric Patients", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(2) 330-32.
119. J. Crumbaugh, Sister Mary Raphael, and R. Shrader, "Frankls Will to Mean-
ing in a Religious Order", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1970) 21(2) 206-7. 120. Mc-
Carthy, op. cit.; and J. Blazer, "The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Fear of
Death", Psychology (1973) 10(2) 33-34.
121. L. Doerries, "Purpose in Life and Social Participation", Journal of Individual
Psychology, (1970) 26(l):50-53; and R. Matteson, "Purpose in Life as Related to Involve-
ment in Organized Groups and Certain Sociocultural Variables", Dissertation Abstracts In-
ternational (1975) vol. 35(8-BO) 4147-48.
122. Matteson, "Purpose in Life".
123. A. Butler and L. Can", "Purpose in Life through Social Action", Journal of Soda!
Psychology (1968) 74(2) 243-50.
124. D. Sharpe and L. Viney, "Weltanschauung and the Purpose in Life Test", Jour-
nal of Clinical Psychology (1973) 29(4) 489-91.
125. Matteson, "Purpose in Life".
126. G. Sargent. "Motivation and Meaning: Frankls Logotherapy in the Work Situa-
tion", Dissertation Abstracts international (1973) vol. 34(4-B), 1785.
127. Garfield, "Psychometric and Clinical Investigation".
128. Padelford, "Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life".
129. Crumbaugh, "Cross-Validation".
130. Sheffield and Pearson, "Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes".
131. Battista and Almond, "Development of Meaning".
132. M. Camey and B. Sheffield, "The Effects of Pulse ЕСТ in Neurotic and Endog-
enous Depression", British Journal of Psychiatry (1974) 125:91-94.
К главе II
1. V. Franki, "What Is Meant by Meaning", Journal of Existentialism (1966) 7:21-28.
2. Ibid.
3. С. Kluckholm, "Values and Value-Orientation in the Theory of Action", in To-
ward A General Theory of Action, ed. T. Parsons and E. Shils (Cambridge, Mass.; Har-
vard University Press, 1951), p. 396.
4. Ibid., pp. 388-434.
5. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Дуге/(New York: Charles
Scribner, 1929), p. 20.
6. Ibid., p. 185.
7. В. Russell, A Free Mans Worship (Portland, Me.;T. B, Mosher, 1927).
8. E. Becker, Escape from Evil (New York; Free Press, 1975), p. 3.
9. V. Franki, Mans Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (Mew York:
Pocket Books, 1963), p. 192.
10. D. Hume, cited in A. Flew, "Tolstoi and the Meaning of Life", Ethics (1963)
73:110-18.
II. B. Wolman, "Principles of Interactional Psychotherapy", Psychotherapy: Theo-
ry, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149-59.
12. V. Franki, Mans Search, p. 176.
13. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1941),
p. 13.
14. D. Suzuki, "East and West", in E. Fromm, D. Suzuki, and R. DeMartino,
Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (New York: Harper Row, 1960), pp. 1-10.
15. Matthew 6:26 (King James Version).
16. Luke 12:27 (King James Version).
17. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance (Beverly Hills, Calif.:
Glencoe Press, 1975), p. 143.
18. W. B. Yeats, cited in R. Hepburn, "Questions about the Meaning of Life",
Religious Studies (1965) 1:125-40.
19. Hepburn, "Questions".
20. В. Rajneesh, cited in B. Gunther, Dying for Enlightenment (New York: Harper
: Row, 1979).
21. V. Franki, "Fragments from the Logotherapeutic Treatment of Four Cases", in
Modern Psychotherapeutic Practice, ed. A. Burton (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behav-
ior Books, 1965), pp. 365-67.
22. Personal communication, 1970.
23. V. Franki, Mans Search, pp. 143-44.
24. Ibid., pp. 368-70.
25. T. Zuehike and J. Watkins, "The Use of Logotherapy with Dying Patients: An
Exploratory Study", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31:729-32.
26. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961),
pp. 139-40.
27. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death (Englewood Clifis, N. ].: Prentice-
Hall. 1976), p. 81.
28. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1961),
p. 27f.; J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969); and J. Crum-
baugh, Everything to Gain (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1973).
29. V. Franki, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 221-
53.
30. M. Erickson, "The Use of Symptoms as an Integral Part ofHypnotherapy", Amer-
ican Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1965) 8:57-65; J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psy-
chiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973): and P. Watziaw-
ick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson. Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York:
W. W. Norton, 1967).
31. J. Crumbaugh, "Frankls Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling", Jour-
nal of Religion and Health (1970) 10:373-86.
32. D. Follesdal, oral communication, 1979.
33. T. Nagel, Mortal Questions (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 21.
34. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism: A Philosophy of Self-Awareness (Belmont, Calif.: Wads-
worth, 1973), p. 6.
35. A. Schopenhauer, cited in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Ed-
wards, et al. (New York: Macrnillan, 1967), p. 468.
36. Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 22.
37. Bach, Exit-Existentialism, p. 7.
38. Hume, cited in Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 20.
39. Tolstoy, My Confession, p. 16.
40. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans.
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