Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000» (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). Подробный разбор литературы по данным темам содержится в работе Stephen К. Sanderson, «Social Transformations: A General Theory of Historical Development» (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995). См. также Jared Diamond, «Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies» (New York: Norton, 1999).
14. Рисунки З и 4 схематичны и не опираются на точную хронологию исторических дат. Ведь эры не имеют строгих границ, перетекают одна в другую, при этом часть мира развивается быстрее, а часть – медленнее. Следует отметить, что идентификация исторических периодов и их протяженности ни в коей мере не является общепризнанной; споры между историками, антропологами, социологами и специалистами из других областей знания продолжаются по сей день. Мы лишь намечаем логику исторического развития и не пытаемся предложить однозначный ответ на столь сложный вопрос.
15. Анализ исторических перемен см. в книге Sanderson, «Social Transformations».
16. См. Edward Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», with introduction, notes, and appendices by J. B. Bury, vol. 2 (New York: AMS Press, 1974), p. 311–317.
17. Cm. Benedict Anderson, «Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism» (New York: Verso, 1991).
18. Некоторые историки и социологи полагают, что наступление коммерческого капитализма знаменует собой конец аграрной эры. См., к примеру, Sanderson, «Social Transformations», chap. 5. Хотя коммерциализм начал распространяться в 1500-х –1600-х годах, лишь с осуществлением промышленной революции доминирующие социально-политические институты аграрного общества уступили место новым структурам. Поэтому в данной книге восемнадцатое столетие рассматривается как ключевой момент истории.
19. В. R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1993» (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 934; and David S. Landes, «The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present» (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 187–188.
20. Индустриальный способ производства изначально породил государства многих типов, включая авторитарные и социалистические. Большинство этих государств, впрочем, столкнулось в XX веке со значительными трудностями и было вынуждено двинуться в направлении демократии и капитализма. О влиянии индустриального капитализма на социальные и политические институты см.: Ralf Dahrendorf, «Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society» (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959); Clark Kerr et al., «Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth» (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Anthony Giddens, «Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction» (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982); and F.A. Hayek, «The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism» (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
21.Gellner, «Nations and Nationalism», p. 52.
22. По сведениям на 1998 год, фермеры составляли приблизительно 2 % рабочей силы США, а сельскохозяйственное производство не превышало 1 процента валового национального продукта. Информация по рабочей силе США: Bureau of Labor Statistics, «Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry Division, Annual Averages, 1947–2000». Available at: http://www bls gov/opub/rtaw/pdf/tablel2.pdf. Данные о валовом национальном продукте: Bureau of Economic Analysis, «Gross Domestic Product by Industry in Current Dollars, 1947–99». Available at: http://www bea doc gov/bea/dn2/gpo htm. Данные о количестве фермеров: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, «Agricultural Production». Available at: http:/ /stats bls gov/oco/cg/cgsOOl htm.
23.В 1999 году финансовый сектор и сектор услуг обеспечили приблизительно 40 % валового национального продукта (финансы, страхование и недвижимость – 19,4 %, услуги – 21,5%). Если включить в сектор услуг управление, оптовую и розничную торговлю (как часто и происходит), доход финансового сектора и сектора услуг составит почти 70 % ВНП. Общий объем сектора цифровой экономики в процентном выражении пока не поддается исчислению. К примеру, производство компьютеров по-прежнему относится к промышленному сектору. Правительство США готовится пересмотреть правила статистического учета – что также есть признак перемен в природе экономики. См.: Bureau of Economic Analysis, «Gross Domestic Product by Industry in Current Dollars, 1994–2000». Available at: http: / / www bea doc gov/bea/dn2/gpoc htm#l994–2000.
24. U.S. Department of Commerce, «The Emerging Internet Economy II», June 1999, p. 25–35. Available at: http://www esa doc gov/esa/pdf/ED2report pdf. Department of Commerce, «The Emerging Digital Economy», p. 17, 28, 3–4. Available at: http://www esa doc gov/508/esa/pdf/EmergingDig pdf.
25. The UCLA Internet Report, «Surveying the Digital Future», October 2000. Available at: http: / /www ccp ucla edu.
26. Cited in Sandel, «Democracy's Discontent», p. 27.
27. Robert D. Putnam, «Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community» (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 46, 43.
28. Ibid., p. 238.
29. Эксперты указывают, что добровольные пожертвования и благотворительные взносы еще существуют и что политическая активность в Интернете подменила собой традиционные формы участия в политической жизни. См. William A. Galston and Peter Levine, «America's Civic Condition: A Glance at the Evidence», in «Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America», ed. E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), p. 30–36; and D. W. Miller, «Perhaps We Bowl Alone, but Does It Really Matter?» Chronicle of Higher Education, July 16, 1999, p. A16–17.
30. Norman Nie and Lutz Erbring, «Internet and Society, A Preliminary Report», February, 17, 2000. Available at: http:/ /www.Stanford edu/group/siqss/Pres s Release/ Preliminary Report pdf.
31. Cm. Cass Sunstein, republic com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
32. Joel Kotkin, «The New Geography: How the Digital Landscape Is Reshaping the American Landscape» (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 169.
33. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 342–343.
34. David Brooks, «Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There» (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 271.
35. Thomas Friedman, «Cyber-Serfdom», New York Times, January 30, 2001.
36. Данные из книги David Leonhardt and Barbara Whitaker, «Higher Fuel Prices Do Little to Alter Motorists' Habits», New York Times, October 10, 2000. См. также Dianne Feinstein and Olympia Snowe, «The Low Cost of Lowering Auto Emissions», New York Times, August 1, 2001.
37. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 357, and chap. 14. См. также Ted Halstead, «A Politics for Generation X», Atlantic Monthly, vol. 284, no. 2 (August 1999), p. 33–42.
38. Harris Poll data as analyzed in Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 47.
39. Brooks, «Bobos in Paradise», p. 271. Отчеты Федеральной избирательной комиссии с результатами подсчета голосов в пользу Буша и Гора доступны по адресам: http://herndonl sdrdc com/cgi-bin/cancomsrs/?00+P00003335 и http://herndonl sdrdc com / cgi-bin / cancomsrs /?00+P80000912. Статистика расходов на телерекламу, представленная Бреннановским центром за справедливость, приводится в работе «Political Television Advertising for 2000 Campaign (June 1– November 7)». Available at: http://www. brennancenter org/cmagpdf/cmag 200 0wrapup .pdg pdf. Суммарные расходы на выборы 2000 года подсчитаны в издании Центра эффективной политики «Campaign Finance Reform». Available at: http://www opensecrets org/news/campaignfinance/index asp. О расходах Блумберга см.: Michael Cooper, «At $92.60 a Vote, Bloomberg Shatters an Election Record», New York Times, December 4, 2001.
41. Don Van Natta, Jr., «Enron or Andersen Made Donations to Almost All Their Congressional Investigators», New York Times, January 25,2002.
42. Cited in Sandel, «Democracy's Discontent», p. 131.
43. Fox News, Fox Special Report with Brit Hume, «Interview with Dale Bumpers», July 20, 2001.
44. Albert R. Hunt, «Don't Stop at McCain-Feingold», Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2002.
45.Cm. John B. Judis, «The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of the Public Trust» (New York: Pantheon, 2000), chap. 5.
46. Cited in Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 159.
47. См., for example, Paul Krugman, «Fuzzy Math The Essential Guide to the Bush Tax Cut» (New York: Norton, 2001).
48. О роли гражданской активности в создании здорового общества см.: Putnam, «Bowling Alone», chaps. 16–22.
49. Durkheim, «The Division of Labor in Society», p. 201.
50. Kotkin, «The New Geography», p. 3.
51. Cm. D'Vera Cohn and Sarah Cohen, «Census Sees Vast Change in Language, Employment», Washington Post, August 6,2001.
52. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 81.
53. Kotkin, «The New Geography», p. 7.
54. Ibid., p. 45, 64,70.
55. Evelyn Nieves, «Blacks, Hit by Housing Costs, Leave San Francisco Behind», New York Times, August 2, 2001.
56. Nurith С Aizenmen, «In Bowie, Race Is on the Agenda», Washington Post, April 9, 2001.
57. Anthony Walton, «Technology Versus African-Americans», Atlantic Monthly, vol. 283, no. 1 (January 1999),p. 18.
58. Robert D. Kaplan, «An Empire Wilderness: Travels into America's Future» (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 63.
59. Eric Schmitt, «Census Data Show a Sharp Increase in Living Standard», New York Times, August 6, 2001. См. так же Cohn and Cohen, «Census Sees Vast Change in Language, Employment».Janny Scott, «Rethinking Segregation Beyond Black and White», New York Times, July 29,2001. Противоположный взгляд см. у Gregory Rodriquez, «Still, E Pluribus Unum», San Diego Union-Tribune, July 18,1999.
60. Harvard Graduate School of Education, «School Segregation on the Rise Despite Growing Diversity Among School-Aged Children», July 19,2001. Available at: http://www gse harvard edu / news/ features / orfield07172001. html.
61. Cm. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», map on p. 293.
62. Zell Miller, «The Democratic Party's Southern Problem», New York Times, June 4, 2001.
63. Kevin Sullivan, «U.S., Mexico Set Plan for a «Smart Border," Washington Post, March 23, 2002.
64. Reed Karaim, «On Both Sides Now, the Costly Consequences of Vigilance», Washington Post, March 10, 2002.
66.Stephen Flynn, «Rethinking the U.S. – Canadian Border», Buffalo News, July 1, 2001.
67. Richard Holbrooke, interview on Fox News, Special Report with Brit Hume, October 19, 2001.
68. Kaplan, «An Empire Wilderness», p. 322–328. См. также Joel Garreau, «The Nine Nations of North America» (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981).
69. Kenichi Ohmae, «The Rise of the Region State», Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 2 (Spring 1993), p. 78.
70. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., «The Disuniting of Americ» (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 118.
71.Cited in Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, «Poll: Americans' Trust in Government Grows», Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
72. Cm. John A. Hall and Charles Lindholm, «Is America Breaking Apart?» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
73. Cm. Sunstein, republic com, p. 170–172; and David Bollier, «Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (New York: Routledge, 2002).
74. James H. Snider, «E-Democracy as Deterrence: Public Policy Implications of a Deterrence Model of Democratic Accountability», paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Available from: Snider@ newamerica net.
75.О способности цифровых технологий содействовать укреплению демократии см. Benjamin R. Barber, «Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy», Political Science Quarterly, vol. 113, no. 4 (Winter 1998–1999), p. 573–589. См. также Benjamin R. Barber, «Civil Society: Getting Beyond the Rhetoric–A Framework for Political Understanding», in «Civic Engagement in the Atlantic Community», ed. Josef Janning, Charles Kupchan, and DirkRumberg(Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation, 1999).
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14. Рисунки З и 4 схематичны и не опираются на точную хронологию исторических дат. Ведь эры не имеют строгих границ, перетекают одна в другую, при этом часть мира развивается быстрее, а часть – медленнее. Следует отметить, что идентификация исторических периодов и их протяженности ни в коей мере не является общепризнанной; споры между историками, антропологами, социологами и специалистами из других областей знания продолжаются по сей день. Мы лишь намечаем логику исторического развития и не пытаемся предложить однозначный ответ на столь сложный вопрос.
15. Анализ исторических перемен см. в книге Sanderson, «Social Transformations».
16. См. Edward Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», with introduction, notes, and appendices by J. B. Bury, vol. 2 (New York: AMS Press, 1974), p. 311–317.
17. Cm. Benedict Anderson, «Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism» (New York: Verso, 1991).
18. Некоторые историки и социологи полагают, что наступление коммерческого капитализма знаменует собой конец аграрной эры. См., к примеру, Sanderson, «Social Transformations», chap. 5. Хотя коммерциализм начал распространяться в 1500-х –1600-х годах, лишь с осуществлением промышленной революции доминирующие социально-политические институты аграрного общества уступили место новым структурам. Поэтому в данной книге восемнадцатое столетие рассматривается как ключевой момент истории.
19. В. R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1993» (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 934; and David S. Landes, «The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present» (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 187–188.
20. Индустриальный способ производства изначально породил государства многих типов, включая авторитарные и социалистические. Большинство этих государств, впрочем, столкнулось в XX веке со значительными трудностями и было вынуждено двинуться в направлении демократии и капитализма. О влиянии индустриального капитализма на социальные и политические институты см.: Ralf Dahrendorf, «Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society» (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959); Clark Kerr et al., «Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth» (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Anthony Giddens, «Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction» (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982); and F.A. Hayek, «The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism» (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
21.Gellner, «Nations and Nationalism», p. 52.
22. По сведениям на 1998 год, фермеры составляли приблизительно 2 % рабочей силы США, а сельскохозяйственное производство не превышало 1 процента валового национального продукта. Информация по рабочей силе США: Bureau of Labor Statistics, «Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry Division, Annual Averages, 1947–2000». Available at: http://www bls gov/opub/rtaw/pdf/tablel2.pdf. Данные о валовом национальном продукте: Bureau of Economic Analysis, «Gross Domestic Product by Industry in Current Dollars, 1947–99». Available at: http://www bea doc gov/bea/dn2/gpo htm. Данные о количестве фермеров: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, «Agricultural Production». Available at: http:/ /stats bls gov/oco/cg/cgsOOl htm.
23.В 1999 году финансовый сектор и сектор услуг обеспечили приблизительно 40 % валового национального продукта (финансы, страхование и недвижимость – 19,4 %, услуги – 21,5%). Если включить в сектор услуг управление, оптовую и розничную торговлю (как часто и происходит), доход финансового сектора и сектора услуг составит почти 70 % ВНП. Общий объем сектора цифровой экономики в процентном выражении пока не поддается исчислению. К примеру, производство компьютеров по-прежнему относится к промышленному сектору. Правительство США готовится пересмотреть правила статистического учета – что также есть признак перемен в природе экономики. См.: Bureau of Economic Analysis, «Gross Domestic Product by Industry in Current Dollars, 1994–2000». Available at: http: / / www bea doc gov/bea/dn2/gpoc htm#l994–2000.
24. U.S. Department of Commerce, «The Emerging Internet Economy II», June 1999, p. 25–35. Available at: http://www esa doc gov/esa/pdf/ED2report pdf. Department of Commerce, «The Emerging Digital Economy», p. 17, 28, 3–4. Available at: http://www esa doc gov/508/esa/pdf/EmergingDig pdf.
25. The UCLA Internet Report, «Surveying the Digital Future», October 2000. Available at: http: / /www ccp ucla edu.
26. Cited in Sandel, «Democracy's Discontent», p. 27.
27. Robert D. Putnam, «Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community» (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 46, 43.
28. Ibid., p. 238.
29. Эксперты указывают, что добровольные пожертвования и благотворительные взносы еще существуют и что политическая активность в Интернете подменила собой традиционные формы участия в политической жизни. См. William A. Galston and Peter Levine, «America's Civic Condition: A Glance at the Evidence», in «Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America», ed. E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), p. 30–36; and D. W. Miller, «Perhaps We Bowl Alone, but Does It Really Matter?» Chronicle of Higher Education, July 16, 1999, p. A16–17.
30. Norman Nie and Lutz Erbring, «Internet and Society, A Preliminary Report», February, 17, 2000. Available at: http:/ /www.Stanford edu/group/siqss/Pres s Release/ Preliminary Report pdf.
31. Cm. Cass Sunstein, republic com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
32. Joel Kotkin, «The New Geography: How the Digital Landscape Is Reshaping the American Landscape» (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 169.
33. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 342–343.
34. David Brooks, «Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There» (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 271.
35. Thomas Friedman, «Cyber-Serfdom», New York Times, January 30, 2001.
36. Данные из книги David Leonhardt and Barbara Whitaker, «Higher Fuel Prices Do Little to Alter Motorists' Habits», New York Times, October 10, 2000. См. также Dianne Feinstein and Olympia Snowe, «The Low Cost of Lowering Auto Emissions», New York Times, August 1, 2001.
37. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 357, and chap. 14. См. также Ted Halstead, «A Politics for Generation X», Atlantic Monthly, vol. 284, no. 2 (August 1999), p. 33–42.
38. Harris Poll data as analyzed in Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 47.
39. Brooks, «Bobos in Paradise», p. 271. Отчеты Федеральной избирательной комиссии с результатами подсчета голосов в пользу Буша и Гора доступны по адресам: http://herndonl sdrdc com/cgi-bin/cancomsrs/?00+P00003335 и http://herndonl sdrdc com / cgi-bin / cancomsrs /?00+P80000912. Статистика расходов на телерекламу, представленная Бреннановским центром за справедливость, приводится в работе «Political Television Advertising for 2000 Campaign (June 1– November 7)». Available at: http://www. brennancenter org/cmagpdf/cmag 200 0wrapup .pdg pdf. Суммарные расходы на выборы 2000 года подсчитаны в издании Центра эффективной политики «Campaign Finance Reform». Available at: http://www opensecrets org/news/campaignfinance/index asp. О расходах Блумберга см.: Michael Cooper, «At $92.60 a Vote, Bloomberg Shatters an Election Record», New York Times, December 4, 2001.
41. Don Van Natta, Jr., «Enron or Andersen Made Donations to Almost All Their Congressional Investigators», New York Times, January 25,2002.
42. Cited in Sandel, «Democracy's Discontent», p. 131.
43. Fox News, Fox Special Report with Brit Hume, «Interview with Dale Bumpers», July 20, 2001.
44. Albert R. Hunt, «Don't Stop at McCain-Feingold», Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2002.
45.Cm. John B. Judis, «The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of the Public Trust» (New York: Pantheon, 2000), chap. 5.
46. Cited in Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 159.
47. См., for example, Paul Krugman, «Fuzzy Math The Essential Guide to the Bush Tax Cut» (New York: Norton, 2001).
48. О роли гражданской активности в создании здорового общества см.: Putnam, «Bowling Alone», chaps. 16–22.
49. Durkheim, «The Division of Labor in Society», p. 201.
50. Kotkin, «The New Geography», p. 3.
51. Cm. D'Vera Cohn and Sarah Cohen, «Census Sees Vast Change in Language, Employment», Washington Post, August 6,2001.
52. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», p. 81.
53. Kotkin, «The New Geography», p. 7.
54. Ibid., p. 45, 64,70.
55. Evelyn Nieves, «Blacks, Hit by Housing Costs, Leave San Francisco Behind», New York Times, August 2, 2001.
56. Nurith С Aizenmen, «In Bowie, Race Is on the Agenda», Washington Post, April 9, 2001.
57. Anthony Walton, «Technology Versus African-Americans», Atlantic Monthly, vol. 283, no. 1 (January 1999),p. 18.
58. Robert D. Kaplan, «An Empire Wilderness: Travels into America's Future» (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 63.
59. Eric Schmitt, «Census Data Show a Sharp Increase in Living Standard», New York Times, August 6, 2001. См. так же Cohn and Cohen, «Census Sees Vast Change in Language, Employment».Janny Scott, «Rethinking Segregation Beyond Black and White», New York Times, July 29,2001. Противоположный взгляд см. у Gregory Rodriquez, «Still, E Pluribus Unum», San Diego Union-Tribune, July 18,1999.
60. Harvard Graduate School of Education, «School Segregation on the Rise Despite Growing Diversity Among School-Aged Children», July 19,2001. Available at: http://www gse harvard edu / news/ features / orfield07172001. html.
61. Cm. Putnam, «Bowling Alone», map on p. 293.
62. Zell Miller, «The Democratic Party's Southern Problem», New York Times, June 4, 2001.
63. Kevin Sullivan, «U.S., Mexico Set Plan for a «Smart Border," Washington Post, March 23, 2002.
64. Reed Karaim, «On Both Sides Now, the Costly Consequences of Vigilance», Washington Post, March 10, 2002.
66.Stephen Flynn, «Rethinking the U.S. – Canadian Border», Buffalo News, July 1, 2001.
67. Richard Holbrooke, interview on Fox News, Special Report with Brit Hume, October 19, 2001.
68. Kaplan, «An Empire Wilderness», p. 322–328. См. также Joel Garreau, «The Nine Nations of North America» (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981).
69. Kenichi Ohmae, «The Rise of the Region State», Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 2 (Spring 1993), p. 78.
70. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., «The Disuniting of Americ» (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 118.
71.Cited in Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, «Poll: Americans' Trust in Government Grows», Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
72. Cm. John A. Hall and Charles Lindholm, «Is America Breaking Apart?» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
73. Cm. Sunstein, republic com, p. 170–172; and David Bollier, «Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (New York: Routledge, 2002).
74. James H. Snider, «E-Democracy as Deterrence: Public Policy Implications of a Deterrence Model of Democratic Accountability», paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Available from: Snider@ newamerica net.
75.О способности цифровых технологий содействовать укреплению демократии см. Benjamin R. Barber, «Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy», Political Science Quarterly, vol. 113, no. 4 (Winter 1998–1999), p. 573–589. См. также Benjamin R. Barber, «Civil Society: Getting Beyond the Rhetoric–A Framework for Political Understanding», in «Civic Engagement in the Atlantic Community», ed. Josef Janning, Charles Kupchan, and DirkRumberg(Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation, 1999).
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